Practical guides to e-invoicing, VAT and bookkeeping across the Middle East — written for the people who actually issue the invoices and file the returns.
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The most common way to get UAE corporate tax wrong is to multiply net profit by 9%. It is wrong in both directions: it overstates the charge for a business near the threshold, and understates the work for one well past it.
Read the articleA chart of accounts is not a list of names. It is the shape every financial statement and every tax return you will ever produce has to take. The account missing today shows up a year later as a box on a return nobody knows how to fill.
Read the articleEvery other regime in the region hands you an XML document to sign with a certificate your server can hold. Egypt hands you a JSON document and requires a signature your server structurally cannot produce alone.
Read the articleA Jordanian invoice does not wait for anyone's approval. You issue it, then report it to JoFotara afterward — and that one difference from Saudi Arabia's model changes how you build the integration.
Read the articlePhase 1 changed how an invoice looks. Phase 2 changes who sees it and when — every standard invoice is cleared by ZATCA before it reaches your customer. Here is what that means in practice.
Read the articleThe difference between the Emirati and Saudi models is not only technical, it is operational. There is no government portal to upload to: there is an accredited provider you choose, and a network your buyer has to be on.
Read the articleReal double-entry accounting and e-invoicing built to the ZATCA, FTA, ETA and JoFotara specifications, in Arabic and English.
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